Detection and classification scheme for power over Ethernet system

ABSTRACT

In a method performed by a PoE system, a PSE provides data and operating voltage over Ethernet wires to a PD. Before the full PoE voltage is supplied, the PSE generates a low current signal received by the PD. A circuit in the PD, connected across its input terminals, has a characteristic analog response to the PSE signal corresponding to the PD&#39;s PoE requirements, such as whether the PD is a Type 1 or Type 2 PD. The circuit may be a certain value capacitor, zener diode, resistor, or other circuit. The PSE may generate a fixed current, fixed voltage, or time varying signal. Upon the PSE sensing the magnitude of the analog signal response at a particular time, the PSE associates the response with the PoE requirements of the PD. The PSE then applies the full PoE voltage in accordance with the PD&#39;s PoE requirements.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.14/501,517, filed Sep. 30, 2014, by David Dwelley et al., which is basedon and claims priority from U.S. Provisional application Ser. No.61/885,195, filed Oct. 1, 2013. U.S. Ser. No. 14/501,517 and U.S.61/885,195 are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to systems, such as Power Over Ethernet (PoE),where power is transmitted over data lines and a routine is carried outbefore the full PoE voltage is applied to the data lines. The inventionmore particularly relates to a scheme that identifies to the PowerSourcing Equipment (PSE) that the Powered Device (PD) is PoE-enabled andthe PDs power requirements.

BACKGROUND

It is known to transmit power over data lines to power remote equipment.Power Over Ethernet (PoE) is an example of one such system. In PoE,limited power is transmitted to Ethernet-connected equipment (e.g., VoIPtelephones, WLAN transmitters, security cameras, etc.) from an Ethernetswitch. DC power from the switch is transmitted over two sets of twistedpair wires in the standard CAT-5 cabling. The same two sets of twistedpair wires may also transmit differential data signals, since the DCcommon mode voltage does not affect the data. In this way, the need forproviding any external power source for the “Powered Devices” (PDs) canbe eliminated. The standards for PoE are set out in IEEE 802.3,incorporated herein by reference.

Providing power over data lines is applicable to other existing systemsand future systems. For example, electronic equipment in automobileswill increasingly benefit from power to the equipment being providedover the data lines to reduce wiring. Various new systems using powerover data lines may be standardized by the IEEE or other groups.

Such systems using power over data lines may or may not requirehandshaking protocols. The present invention applies to systemsrequiring some sort of indication from the PD that the full PoE voltageis to be applied to the data lines.

Although the present invention may be applied to any system using powerover data lines, a typical PoE system will be described as an example.

FIG. 1 represents a typical Ethernet system using PoE. In the example ofFIG. 1, a “Power Sourcing Equipment” (PSE) 12 may be any Ethernet devicethat supplies power and data to a PD. The PSE 12 and PD 14 are typicallyconnected via a standard CAT-5 cable terminated with the standardEthernet 8-pin (four twisted pairs) RJ45connector. Only two of thetwisted pairs are typically needed for PoE and data.

The PSE 12 is typically powered by the mains voltage (120 VAC) and useseither an external or internal voltage converter 16 to generate a DCvoltage between 44-57 volts. The PoE standards require the PSE to supplya minimum of 37 volts at the PD. The voltage drop along the cableincreases with distance.

Two of the twisted pairs 18 and 20 are assigned to carry the PoE power,and these pairs may also carry differential data. The remaining twopairs are also shown. All pairs in use are terminated at the PD 14 bytransformers, such as transformers 22 and 24. It is assumed that thetwisted pair 18 provides 44 volts and the twisted pair 20 is connectedto ground. A connection is made to the center tap of transformers 22 and24 to provide the 44 volts to the PD 14. Since the DC voltage is commonmode, it does not affect the differential data. Other conventionaltermination circuitry is also included in the termination block 25, suchas polarity correction circuitry (a diode bridge) downstream from thetransformers, but is not relevant to the present invention.

The 44 volts is applied to a DC-DC converter 26 for converting thevoltage to any voltage or voltages required by the PD 14. The load 28(e.g., a security camera) is powered by the converter 26 andcommunicates with the PSE 12 via the twisted wire pairs.

The IEEE standards require certain low current handshaking proceduresbetween the PSE 12 and PD 14 in order to detect the presence of aPoE-powered device and in order to convey the pertinent characteristicsof the PSE 12 and PD 14 prior to the PSE 12 making the full poweravailable to the PD 14. The detection/classification circuit 29 controlsthe handshaking routine, and may be a state machine, a processor, or anyother suitable control circuit. The PSE 12 also contains a circuit forcarrying out the handshaking routine. The circuits for carrying out thehandshaking routine are well-known ICs.

Below is a simplified summary of the handshaking routine between the PSE12 and the PD 14.

When the PSE 12 is first connected to the PD 14 via an Ethernet cable,the PSE 12 interrogates the PD 14 to determine if it is PoE-enabled.This period is termed the detection phase. During the detection phase,the PSE 12 applies a first current limited voltage for a fixed intervalto the PD 14, via the twisted wire pairs 18 and 20, and then applies asecond current limited voltage for a fixed interval, while looking for acharacteristic impedance of the PD 14 (about 25 k ohms) by detecting theresulting current. If the correct impedance is not detected, the PSE 12assumes that the load is not PoE-enabled and shuts down the PoEgenerating end. The system then operates as a standard Ethernetconnection.

If the signature impedance is detected, the PSE 12 moves on to anoptional classification phase. The PSE 12 ramps up the voltage to the PD14. The PSE 12 generates either one pulse (indicating it is a Type 1PSE) or two pulses (indicating it is a Type 2 PSE). The PD 14 respondsto the classification pulses with certain current levels to identifywhether the PD 14 is Type 1 or Type 2. A Type 1 PD requires less than 13W. A Type 2 PD requires up to a maximum of 25.5 W. Various classes(e.g., five classes), each associated with a maximum average currentlevel and a maximum instantaneous current level, within these types mayalso be identified. A classification resistance may be used. The PSE 12then may use this power demand information to determine if it can supplythe required power to the PD 14, and the PD 14 uses the information todetermine if it can fully operate with the PSE 12. There are maximumtime windows for the detection and classification phases (e.g., 500 ms).

Other types of detection and classification routines and standards maybe implemented in the future.

On completion of the detection and classification phases, the PSE 12ramps its output voltage above 42 V. Once an under-voltage lockout(UVLO) threshold has been detected at the PD 14, an internal FET isturned on to connect the full PoE voltage to the converter 26, and theconverter 26 supplies a regulated DC voltage to the load 28. At thispoint, the PD 14 begins to operate normally, and it continues to operatenormally as long as the input voltage remains above a required level.

As seen, the handshaking operation requires multiple low-currentoperations that take time to conduct. Further, the PD must contain a PoEcontroller IC for generating the various handshaking signals, and suchan IC adds cost to each PD. Further, the 25 k ohm resistor adds to thecurrent draw by the PD during normal operation.

What is needed is a new technique to identify to the PSE that the PD isPoE enabled and to identify the power requirements of the PD, such aswhether the PD is a Type 1 or Type 2 device, where the technique doesnot suffer from the drawbacks of the prior art technique.

SUMMARY

The present invention is a single step detection and classificationtechnique for identifying to the PSE that the PD is PoE-enabled andidentifying the type of PD, such as Type 1 or Type 2. The single steptechnique may also identify other information about the PD.

In one embodiment, the PD designer selects a capacitor having aparticular value that corresponds to the PoE power level required by thePD. The capacitor is connected across the PD's wire pairs downstreamfrom the input transformers and prior to the switch that connects thePoE wires to the PD's converter.

When the PSE is initially connected to the PD via the standard Ethernetcabling, or when the PSE is powered up, the PSE is internally controlledto supply a predetermined low DC current to the Ethernet wire pairs. Thefixed current charges the capacitor at the front end of the PD to causethe capacitor to generate a ramping voltage, where the slope of the rampis determined by the capacitance value. Since the current is low, thereis very little voltage drop along the cable.

A first switch internal to the PD is open between the capacitor and thedownstream PD circuitry to isolate the capacitor so the downstreamcircuitry does not affect the capacitance sensed by the PSE. The firstswitch can be eliminated if the downstream capacitance is insignificant.

A comparator in the PSE detects when the ramping voltage crosses a knownthreshold value. The time between the application of the current and thecrossing of the threshold value directly correlates to the value of thecapacitor (C=i*t/v). In one example, if the time is within a first rangeof times, the PSE determines that the PD capacitor has a first valueindicating that the PD is PoE-enabled and is a Type 1 PD. If the time iswithin a second range of times, the PSE determines that the PD capacitorhas a second value indicating that the PD is PoE-enabled and is a Type 2PD. Further information about the PD may be determined based on the timeit takes for the ramping voltage to exceed the threshold.

After the threshold is crossed, the PSE stops applying the low currentto the PD. The first switch is then closed to connect the downstream PDcircuitry to the PD input terminals.

The “delay” time Td is applied to a controller in the PSE. If the Td isassociated with a Type 1 PD, the controller controls the PSE's powersupply to supply the full PoE voltage to the Ethernet wires andimplements the various constraints related to a Type 1 PD, such ascurrent/power limiting. If the Td is associated with a Type 2 PD, thecontroller controls the PSE's power supply to supply the full PoEvoltage to the Ethernet wires and implements the various constraintsrelated to a Type 2 PD. Additional Td ranges can be associated withother parameters of the PD, such as additional types, identification,telemetry, etc.

The PD then detects that the PSE voltage exceeds the UVLO threshold andcloses a second switch downstream from the capacitor that couples thePSE voltage to the PD's converter. The converter then regulates the PSEvoltage and powers the PD load. Since the PD capacitor is connectedacross a DC voltage, it does not adversely affect the voltage or powerconsumed by the PD. Advantageously, the capacitor also serves to filtertransients on the PoE lines. In another embodiment, the capacitor isswitched out during normal operation.

The capacitor values for each type of PD may be standardized. Since theramping up of the voltage to exceed the threshold may be very fast andonly requires the single step of applying a low current by the PSE, thehandshaking between the PSE and PD is very simple and fast. Also, no PDcontroller IC is needed for the handshaking. The capacitor may be formedas part of a PD integrated circuit or may be a separately-connecteddiscrete capacitor.

In another embodiment, instead of a capacitor, a zener diode or othervoltage limiter is connected across the wire pairs in the PD. Thevoltage limit value is selected to convey the PD type (or otherparameters) in accordance with a predetermined standard. The PSE appliesa low DC current to the wire pairs, which creates a particular voltagedrop across the voltage limiter. The PSE measures the voltage drop (orother limited voltage) and correlates the voltage drop to thecorresponding PD type. The PSE power supply and other circuitry are thencontrolled to power the PD in accordance with the appropriate PoEstandard.

In another embodiment, a resistor is connected across the wire pairs inthe PD. The resistor value is selected to convey the PD type (or otherparameters) in accordance with a predetermined standard. The PSE appliesa ramping voltage to the wire pairs, which creates a ramping currentthrough the wire pairs. The PSE measures the current and, when thecurrent exceeds a threshold, the voltage is measured. The measuredvoltage correlates to the corresponding PD type. The PSE power supplyand other circuitry are then controlled to power the PD in accordancewith the appropriate PoE standard.

In the various embodiments, the analog amplitude of a single detectedsignal resulting from the capacitor, zener diode, or resistor determinesthe information about the PD.

Various other embodiments are described.

The terms PSE and PD are used throughout this disclosure to identifyequipment that supplies power and equipment that receives the power, andsuch equipment/devices are not limited to Ethernet equipment/devicesunless specified.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional PoE-enabled Ethernet system.

FIG. 2 illustrates a PoE system that detects a value of a PD capacitorto determine the PoE requirements of the PD, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the voltage ramp generated by a PD capacitor inresponse to a low current supplied by the PSE, where the time it takesto cross a threshold conveys PoE characteristics of the PD.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart identifying various steps performed by the systemof FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 illustrates a PoE system that detects a value of a limitedvoltage in the PD to determine the PoE requirements of the PD, inaccordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates the voltage drop across a zener diode used in theembodiment of FIG. 5 in response to a low current supplied by the PSE,where the voltage drop conveys PoE characteristics of the PD.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart identifying various steps performed by the systemof FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 illustrates a PoE system that detects a value of a resistance inthe PD to determine the PoE requirements of the PD, in accordance withanother embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a voltage ramp generated by the PSE and a currentthreshold, where the voltage measured when the current exceeds thethreshold correlates with the resistance value and hence to the PoEcharacteristics of the PD.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart identifying various steps performed by the systemof FIG. 8.

Elements that are the same or equivalent are labeled with the samenumeral.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The various circuits shown represent the pertinent aspects of a system,such as a PoE-enabled Ethernet system, where power is supplied over datalines. Other portions of a PoE system, such as data paths, areindependent of the invention and may be conventional.

In FIG. 2, a PSE 40 is configured to detect the PoE requirements of thePD 42, then provide the proper PoE voltage and maximum power to the PD42. For simplicity, the examples given identify whether the PD is a Type1 PD (up to 13 W) or a Type 2 PD (up to 25.5 W). Such identificationsimultaneously identifies to the PSE 40 that the PD is PoE-enabled, sothe detection and classification are performed in the same step. Thecircuits described may also be used to identify additional types, suchas one of five types, and identify any other information to the PSE 40about the PD 42, such as identification, telemetry, etc.

In the example, the PD type is conveyed by the value of a capacitor 44coupled to the PD input terminals downstream from the front end circuit46. The selected value of the capacitor 44 can be used to identify anycurrent or power classification of the PD 42. A standard correlates thecapacitor value to the PD's PoE requirements. The information conveyedby the capacitor 44 value can represent to the PSE 40 a collection orcategorization of various requirements so that the PSE 40 may budget theoutput current or power according to a range of requirements rather thanto one specific requirement. This may simplify a PSE implementation andease standardization of the current/power classification scheme.

Upstream from the capacitor 44 in the PD 42 are the conventional inputtransformers, shown in FIG. 1, and a conventional diode bridge used as apolarity correction circuit in the event the PSE 40 is incorrectlycoupled to the wires. These conventional circuits are in the front endcircuit 46. The wires pairs 18 and 20 are simplified to show only onewire per pair. It is assumed that wire pair 20 is grounded, althoughthis does not have to be the case.

The description of the PoE system of FIG. 2 will be described withreference to the flowchart of FIG. 4.

In step 48, the system designer or user provides the capacitor 44 withthe proper value corresponding to the PD type (Type 1 or Type 2). Thecapacitor 44 is isolated from downstream PD circuitry by a first switch50 so the downstream circuitry does not affect the capacitance valuedetected by the PSE 40. A switch controller 51 for the first switch 50keeps the first switch 50 open until the PSE 40 is finished with the lowcurrent detection/classification routine.

In step 52, the PSE 40 is connected to the PD 42 via the wire pairs 18and 22, or the PSE 40 is initially powered up. The PSE 40 thenautomatically performs the following routine, which may be controlled bya state machine, a programmed processor, or other suitable circuit inthe PSE 40.

In step 56, the PSE timing and processing circuit 58 controls a currentsource 60 to apply a low predetermined current through the wires pairs18/20 to charge the capacitor 44. Therefore, as the PSE 40 applies thecurrent, the voltage across the wire pairs 18/20 ramps up, as shown inFIG. 3. The correspondence between voltage, current, capacitance, andtime is given by the equation C=i*t/v.

A comparator 62 in the PSE 40 compares the ramping voltage to a knownreference voltage Vref (a threshold voltage). In step 64, when the rampcrosses Vref, the comparator 62 triggers and applies a signal to thecircuit 58.

In step 66, the circuit 58 measures the time between the start of thecurrent and the time that the voltage ramp crossed Vref. FIG. 3 showsthe voltage ramp crossing Vref and the delay time Td measured by thecircuit 58. The time Td directly correlates to the capacitor 44 value,which correlates to the PD type. This Td value is applied to a powersupply controller 68. The circuit 58 then controls the current source 60to cease applying current to the wire pairs 18/20.

In step 70, the time Td is applied to a look-up table or other circuitin the power supply controller 68 that correlates Td to the PoErequirements of the PD 42. FIG. 3 shows that a Td in the range of timesm to n correlates to a Type 1 PD, and a Td in the range of times x to ycorrelates to a Type 2 PD. A range of Td's for each type is importantsince there is a slight voltage drop in the wire pairs 18/20 and theexact voltage drop is unknown due to the unknown length of the wirepairs 18/20. The characteristics of the ramping voltage also convey tothe PSE 40 that the PD 42 is PoE-enabled by having an appropriate inputcapacitance value.

In step 72, the switch controller 51 closes the first switch 50 withoutaffecting the PoE information conveyed to the PSE 40.

In step 74, the power supply controller 68 controls the PSE power supply76 to supply the full PoE voltage (e.g., 57 volts) to the wire pairs18/20. The controller 68 also implements suitable current limitingcircuits and other circuits that correspond with the detected PD type.Such circuits may perform functions specified by the IEEE PoE standards.The switch controller 51 may be powered by this increased PSE voltage.The switch controller 51 may detect the PSE voltage exceeding athreshold and close the first switch 50.

Also in step 74, the PD controller IC 76 detects that the PSE voltagehas exceeded a threshold, via UVLO circuitry, and closes a second switch78, which couples the PSE voltage to the input of a converter 80. Aninput capacitor 82 smoothes switching transients. The converter 80 thensupplies a regulated voltage or current to the PD load. The controllerIC 76, converter 80, and load may be conventional.

The capacitor 44 does not adversely affect the PoE during normaloperation since the voltage is DC. The capacitor 44 advantageouslyserves as an additional filter for filtering transients. However, if itis desired for the capacitor 44 to be effectively removed during normaloperation of the PD, a switch in series with the capacitor 44 may becontrolled by the switch circuit 51 to be opened when switch 50 isclosed.

As seen, the detection and classification are performed simultaneouslyin a single operation, and the ramping of the voltage to the thresholdcan occur very quickly. The Td times may be divided up into any numberof ranges, where each range identifies the type of PD or a set of PDcharacteristics.

In an alternative embodiment, the circuit 58 controls the current source60 to supply a predetermined current for a fixed time. The resultingvoltage is then measured by the circuit 58. This voltage thencorresponds to the capacitance value as per the equation C=i*t/v. Thedetected voltage is then cross-referenced to the PD type, which isidentified by the capacitor 44 value. The power supply 76 and othercircuitry are then controlled in accordance with the IEEE standards forthat particular PD type. The voltage may convey any othercharacteristics about the PD 42.

In an alternative embodiment, the PSE generates a sinusoidal voltage orcurrent at a particular frequency, and the AC impedance across the wirepairs 18/20 is measured to determine the capacitance value, whichconveys the PoE requirements of the PD, as discussed above. The ACimpedance may be determined by measuring the amplitude and phase of theresulting signal.

Any other methods to identify the value of the capacitor 44, whether itis by the PSE 40 applying a fixed or time-varying current or voltage,are contemplated by this invention.

In a related embodiment, a resistor, having a known value, is connectedin series with the capacitor 44, and a predetermined sinusoidal ACsignal is applied by the PSE to the wire pairs 18/20. The resulting timeconstant is then derived from the resulting signal. Since the resistorvalue and driving signal are known by the PSE, the time constant can beused to derive the capacitance value corresponding to the PoErequirements of the PD.

Further, using a set of standardized capacitance values to communicateto the PSE any operational information and/or requirements of a PD iscontemplated by this invention. Operational information may include, butis not limited to, power requirements/classification, telemetry,identification, etc.

This technique applies to non-PoE systems as well, where a PD receivespower via one or more data lines.

FIGS. 5-7 illustrate an alternative embodiment, where the PDcharacteristics are conveyed by the selection of a voltage limitingcircuit at the front end of the PD.

In FIG. 5, the capacitor 44 of FIG. 2 is replaced with a zener diode 84whose reverse bias breakdown voltage conveys the PD's relevant PoEinformation, such as the type of PD (e.g., Type 1 or Type 2). Any othervoltage limiting device can be used instead of the zener diode 84, suchas a shunt voltage regulator, a series connection of diodes, or otherdevice which only conducts when the voltage across it reaches aselectable voltage. Since the PSE voltage can be as high as 57 volts,the zener diode 84 breakdown voltage must be higher than 57 volts, orthe zener diode 84 must be switched out of the PD 85 after the lowcurrent handshaking phase. Switching out the zener diode 84 duringnormal operation of the PD may be done with a switch 87 in series withthe zener diode 84 controlled by the switch circuit 51, where the switch87 is opened when the switch 50 is closed.

The description of the operation of the circuit of FIG. 5 is given withreference to the flowchart of FIG. 7.

In step 86, the system designer or user provides the zener diode 84 (orother voltage limiter) with the proper standardized limiting voltagevalue (e.g., voltage drop) corresponding to the PD type (Type 1 or Type2). The zener diode 84 is isolated from downstream PD circuitry by afirst switch 50 so the downstream circuitry does not affect the voltagedrop detected by the PSE 88. A switch controller 51 for the first switch50 keeps the first switch 50 open until the PSE 88 is finished with thelow current detection/classification routine. The first switch 50 andthe switch controller 51 are optional if no downstream circuitry wouldaffect the detected voltage drop.

In step 90, the PSE 88 is connected to the PD 85 via the wire pairs 18and 22. The PSE 88 then automatically performs the following routine,which may be controlled by a state machine, a programmed processor, orother suitable circuit in the PSE 88.

In step 92, the PSE control and processing circuit 94 controls a currentsource 60 to apply a low predetermined current through the wires pairs18/20 to cause the zener diode 84 to break down at the predeterminedvoltage. FIG. 6 illustrates the how the zener diode 84 creates a voltagedrop Vd across wire pairs 18/20 upon application of the current.

In step 96, the circuit 94 measures the voltage drop Vd. The voltagedrop Vd directly correlates to the to the PD type. This Vd value isapplied to a power supply controller 98. The circuit 94 then controlsthe current source 60 to cease applying current to the wire pairs 18/20.

In step 100, the voltage drop Vd is applied to a look-up table or othercircuit in the power supply controller 98 that correlates Vd to the PoErequirements of the PD 85. FIG. 6 shows that a Vd in the range of m to ncorrelates to a Type 1 PD, and a Vd in the range of x to y correlates toa Type 2 PD. A range of Vd's for each type is important since there is aslight voltage drop in the wire pairs 18/20 and the exact voltage dropis unknown due to the unknown length of the wire pairs 18/20. Thevoltage drop simultaneously conveys to the PSE 88 that the PD 85 isPoE-enabled by having an appropriate voltage drop value.

In step 102, the switch controller 51 closes the optional first switch50 without affecting the PoE information conveyed to the PSE 88. Forexample, the switch controller 51 may detect that the low currentoperation has ceased by detecting the termination of the voltage drop,or the switch controller 51 may detect the PSE voltage exceeding athreshold (after step 104) and close the first switch 50.

In step 104, the power supply controller 98 controls the PSE powersupply 76 to supply the full PoE voltage (e.g., 57 volts) to the wirepairs 18/20. The controller 98 also implements suitable current limitingcircuits and other circuits that correspond with the detected PD type.Such circuits may perform functions specified by the IEEE PoE standards.The switch controller 51 may be powered by this increased PSE voltage.

Also in step 104, the PD controller IC 76 detects that the PSE voltagehas exceeded a threshold, via UVLO circuitry, and closes a second switch78, which couples the PSE voltage to the input of a converter 80. Aninput capacitor 82 smoothes switching transients. The converter 80 thensupplies a regulated voltage or current to the PD load. The controllerIC 76, converter 80, and load may be conventional.

As seen, the detection and classification are performed in a singleoperation, and the detection of the voltage drop can occur very quickly.Voltage drops may be divided up into any number of ranges, where eachrange identifies the type of PD or a set of PD characteristics.

In another embodiment, the PSE generates a ramping voltage, and the timethat it takes before the voltage becomes limited by the voltage limitingdevice in the PD determines the PD type or conveys other information.

FIGS. 8-10 illustrate another embodiment, where a ramping voltagegenerated by the PSE in the wire pairs 18/20 causes a selectedresistance at the input of the PD to draw a ramping current. Theresistance corresponds to the type of PD. The voltage level at the timewhen the detected current exceeds a threshold correlates to the type ofPD. Alternatively, a fixed voltage may be applied to the wire pairs18/20 and the resulting current is used to determine the type of PD.

In FIG. 8, the capacitor 44 of FIG. 2 is replaced with a resistor 106whose value conveys the PD's relevant PoE information, such as the typeof PD (e.g., Type 1 or Type 2). The resistor 106 may be switched out ofthe PD 108 after the low current handshaking phase. This may be donewith a switch in series with the resistor 106 controlled by the switchcircuit 51, where the switch is opened when the switch 50 is closed.

The description of the operation of the circuit of FIG. 8 is given withreference to the flowchart of FIG. 10.

In step 110, the system designer or user provides the resistor 106 witha standardized value corresponding to the PD type (Type 1 or Type 2).The resistor 106 is preferably a high value resistor. The resistor 106is isolated from downstream PD circuitry by a first switch 50 so thedownstream circuitry does not affect the current detected by the PSE112. A switch controller 51 for the first switch 50 keeps the firstswitch 50 open until the PSE 112 is finished with the low currentdetection/classification routine. The first switch 50 and the switchcontroller 51 are optional if no downstream circuitry would affect thedetected current.

In step 114, the PSE 112 is connected to the PD 108 via the wire pairs18 and 22, or the PSE 112 is powered up. The PSE 112 then automaticallyperforms the following routine, which may be controlled by a statemachine, a programmed processor, or other suitable circuit in the PSE112.

In step 116, the PSE control and processing circuit 118 controls avariable voltage source 120 to apply a ramped voltage to the wires pairs18/20 to cause a ramping current to flow through the resistor 106.

In step 120, the current through a low value resistor 122 in the PSE 112is detected by a difference amplifier 124, and a comparator 126 comparesthe current value to a reference voltage Vref. When the current crossesthe threshold value, the comparator 126 sends a signal to the circuit118. The circuit 118, which also detects the ramping voltage, identifiesthe voltage value V at the time the current reached the predeterminedthreshold value. A sample and hold circuit may be used to store thevoltage value. The value of the resistor 106 is thus determined byR=V/I.

In step 128, the voltage value V is then applied to a power supplycontroller 130. The voltage value is applied to a look-up table or othercircuit in the power supply controller 130 that correlates V to the PoErequirements of the PD 108. FIG. 9 shows that a V in the range of m to ncorrelates to a Type 1 PD, and a V in the range of x to y correlates toa Type 2 PD. A range of V for each type is important since there is aslight voltage drop in the wire pairs 18/20 and the exact voltage dropis unknown due to the unknown length of the wire pairs 18/20. Thevoltage value also simultaneously conveys to the PSE 112 that the PD 108is PoE-enabled by having an appropriate voltage value.

In step 132, the switch controller 51 closes the optional first switch50 without affecting the PoE information conveyed to the PSE 112. Forexample, the switch controller 51 may detect that the low currentoperation has ceased by detecting the termination of the voltage, or theswitch controller 51 may detect the PSE voltage exceeding a threshold(after step 134) and close the first switch 50.

In step 134, the power supply controller 130 controls the PSE powersupply 76 to supply the full PoE voltage (e.g., 57 volts) to the wirepairs 18/20. The controller 130 also implements suitable currentlimiting circuits and other circuits that correspond with the detectedPD type. Such circuits may perform functions specified by the IEEE PoEstandards. The switch controller 51 may be powered by this increased PSEvoltage.

Also in step 134, the PD controller IC 76 detects that the PSE voltagehas exceeded a threshold, via UVLO circuitry, and closes a second switch78, which couples the PSE voltage to the input of a converter 80. Aninput capacitor 82 smoothes switching transients. The converter 80 thensupplies a regulated voltage or current to the PD load. The controllerIC 76, converter 80, and load may be conventional.

As seen, the detection and classification are performed in a singleoperation, and the detection of the voltage V can occur very quickly.The voltage values may be divided up into any number of ranges, whereeach range identifies the type of PD or a set of PD characteristics. Inthe various embodiments, the magnitude of the analog amplitude of asingle detected signal, resulting from the value of the capacitor 44,zener diode 84, or resistor 106, at a particular time determines theinformation about the PD. The particular time may be when the signalcrosses a threshold, or at a time after current is applied to the wirepairs. In conventional PoE systems, the PD's PoE characteristics areessentially conveyed digitally, so the handshaking process is morecomplex and time-consuming.

In another embodiment, the PSE generates a ramping current, and thecurrent at the time that the voltage exceeds a predetermined thresholdis used to determine the PD type or conveys other information.

Any of the features described throughout this entire disclosure may becombined. For example, a resistor may be connected in parallel with avoltage limiting device or a capacitor for conveying additioninformation based on the V/I waveform.

Other suitable elements may be used instead of the capacitor 44, zenerdiode 84, and resistor 106 to provide a characteristic current, voltage,or time that corresponds to particular PoE characteristic of the PD.

This fast single step technique for performing detection andclassification can be applied to any system that requires handshakingbefore applying full operating voltage on data wires.

In addition to the PD conveying PoE information to the PSE by use of thecapacitor 44, zener diode 84, resistor 106, or any other suitablecircuit connected across the wire pairs 18/20, the PD may also detect,from the PSE's low current signal, that the PSE is a certain type of PSEthat is compatible with the PoE requirements of the PD. Once it has beenestablished by the PD that the PSE is a proper PSE, the PD may close thefirst switch 50 to receive the PoE voltage. For example, the PD may lookfor a particular fixed current, ramping voltage, etc. that indicatesthat the PSE is compatible.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatchanges and modifications may be made without departing from thisinvention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims areto encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications thatare within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) for use with aPowered Device (PD) connected to the PSE by at least Ethernet wires toreceive data and voltage, the PD comprising a first circuit electricallycoupled to input terminals of the PD, wherein the first circuit hascharacteristics, wherein the first circuit responds in a predeterminedmanner to a first signal generated by the PSE to create a second signal,and wherein the first circuit is selected to convey particular Powerover Ethernet (PoE) requirements of the PD, the PSE comprising: a DCpower source for generating a PoE voltage for transmission on theEthernet wires to power the PD; a first signal generator for providingthe first signal on the Ethernet wires to the input terminals of the PDat a particular time, wherein the first signal is applied to the firstcircuit in the PD; a first detector for detecting a ramping analogamplitude of the resulting second signal, generated by the first circuitin the PD, in response to the first signal and during application of thefirst signal to the first circuit in the PD; and a processing circuitconfigured for detecting a magnitude of the ramping amplitude of thesecond signal, while the second signal is ramping, after an elapsed timeand, in response to the detected magnitude after the elapsed time,associating the second signal with the particular PoE requirements ofthe PD, and controlling the PSE to supply power to the PD via theEthernet wires consistent with the PoE requirements of the PD conveyedby the second signal.
 2. The PSE of claim 1 wherein detection that thePD is a PoE-enabled device and a classification of the PD are performedsimultaneously by detection) of the second signal.
 3. The PSE of claim 1wherein the first signal is a fixed current, the first circuit is acapacitor, and the second signal is a ramping voltage, wherein acapacitance value of the capacitor is selected to convey the PoErequirements of the PD.
 4. The PSE of claim 3 wherein the processingcircuit comprises: a comparator connected to determine when the rampingvoltage exceeds a threshold voltage; a timer circuit configured todetect a time between generating the first signal and a time when theramping voltage exceeds the threshold voltage; and a controller circuitfor controlling the PSE to supply power to the PD via the Ethernet wiresconsistent with the PoE requirements of the PD conveyed by the secondsignal.
 5. The PSE of claim 1 wherein the first signal is a rampingvoltage, the first circuit is a resistor, and the second signal is aramping current, wherein a value of the resistor is selected to conveythe PoE requirements of the PD, wherein the) processing circuitcomprises: a comparator connected to determine when the ramping currentexceeds a threshold; a detector configured to detect a first voltage ofthe ramping voltage when the ramping current exceeds the threshold; anda controller circuit for controlling the PSE to supply power to the PDvia the Ethernet wires consistent with the PoE requirements of the PDconveyed by the first voltage.
 6. The PSE of claim 1 wherein the firstsignal is a ramping current, the first circuit is a resistor, and thesecond signal is a ramping voltage, wherein a value of the resistor isselected to convey the PoE requirements of the PD, wherein theprocessing circuit comprises: a comparator connected to determine whenthe ramping voltage exceeds a threshold; a detector configured to detecta first current of the ramping current when the ramping voltage exceedsthe threshold; and a controller circuit for controlling the PSE tosupply power to the PD via the Ethernet wires consistent with the PoErequirements of the PD conveyed by the first current.
 7. The PSE ofclaim 1 wherein the first detector is configured to detect a timing ofthe resulting second signal when the second signal exceeds a threshold,and wherein the processing circuit is configured for associating thetiming to the PD's PoE requirements and for controlling the PSE tosupply power to the PD via the Ethernet wires consistent with the PoErequirements of the PD conveyed by the timing.
 8. The PSE of claim 1wherein the first detector is configured to detect a magnitude of theresulting second signal at a particular point in time, and wherein theprocessing circuit is configured for associating the magnitude to thePD's PoE requirements and for controlling the PSE to supply power to thePD via the Ethernet wires consistent with the PoE requirements of the PDconveyed by the magnitude.
 9. The PSE of claim 1 wherein the firstsignal is a fixed magnitude signal.
 10. The PSE of claim 1 wherein thefirst signal is a time-varying signal.
 11. The PSE of claim 1 whereinthe first circuit comprises a resistor and capacitor connected in seriesin the PD, wherein the first signal is a time-varying signal, whereinthe first detector detects a resulting time constant of the firstcircuit, and wherein the capacitance value is determined from the timeconstant for controlling the PSE to supply power to the PD via theEthernet wires consistent with the PoE requirements of the PD conveyedby the capacitance value.
 12. The PSE of claim 1 wherein the processingcircuit is configured for determining a PD type, including Type 1 andType 2, in accordance with IEEE standards for PoE.
 13. The PSE of claim1 wherein the first circuit is connected across the Ethernet wires. 14.A method performed by Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) in a Power overEthernet (PoE) system, the PSE being connected to a Powered Device (PD)by at least Ethernet wires to receive data and voltage, the PDcomprising a first circuit electrically coupled to input terminals ofthe PD, wherein the first circuit has characteristics, wherein the firstcircuit responds in a predetermined manner to a first signal generatedby the PSE to create a second signal, and wherein the first circuit isselected to convey particular PoE requirements of the PD, the methodcomprising: providing the first signal, by a first signal generator, onthe Ethernet wires to the input terminals of the PD at a particulartime, wherein the first signal is applied to the first circuit in thePD; detecting, by a first detector, a ramping analog amplitude of theresulting second signal, generated by the first circuit in the PD, inresponse to the first signal and during application of the first signalto the first circuit in the PD; and detecting a magnitude of the rampingamplitude of the second signal, by a processing circuit, while thesecond signal is ramping, after an elapsed time and, in response to thedetected magnitude after the elapsed time, associating the second signalwith the particular PoE requirements of the PD, and controlling the PSEto supply power to the PD via the Ethernet wires consistent with the PoErequirements of the PD conveyed by the second signal.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the first signal is a fixed current, the first circuitis a capacitor, and the second signal is a ramping voltage, and whereina capacitance value of the capacitor is selected to convey the PoErequirements of the PD.
 16. The method of claim 14 wherein the firstsignal is a ramping voltage, the first circuit is a resistor, and thesecond signal is a ramping current, and wherein a value of the resistoris selected to convey the PoE requirements of the PD.
 17. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the first signal is a ramping current, the firstcircuit is a resistor, and the second signal is a ramping voltage, andwherein a value of the resistor is selected to convey the PoErequirements of the PD.
 18. Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) for use witha Powered Device (PD) connected to the PSE by at least Ethernet wires toreceive data and voltage, the PD comprising a first circuit electricallycoupled to input terminals of the PD, wherein the first circuit hascharacteristics, wherein the first circuit responds in a predeterminedmanner to a first signal generated by the PSE to create a second signal,and wherein the first circuit is selected to convey particular Powerover Ethernet (PoE) requirements of the PD, the PSE comprising: meansfor providing the first signal on the Ethernet wires to the inputterminals of the PD at a particular time, wherein the first signal isapplied to the first circuit in the PD; means for detecting a rampinganalog amplitude of the resulting second signal, generated by the firstcircuit in the PD, in response to the first signal and duringapplication of the first signal to the first circuit in the PD; andmeans for detecting a magnitude of the ramping amplitude of the secondsignal while the second signal is ramping, after an elapsed time and, inresponse to the detected magnitude after the elapsed time, associatingthe second signal with the particular PoE requirements of the PD, andcontrolling the PSE to supply power to the PD via the Ethernet wiresconsistent with the PoE requirements of the PD conveyed by the secondsignal.